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Leave a Reply. Human medicine and veterinary medicine were initially separate disci- plines, with discrete courses and areas of study. The notion of a One Health ideology followed these fears, providing a perspective on health that goes beyond simply the individual and human condition. A new focus was introduced, one that incorporated animals, the environ- ment, and individual lifestyle into the overall health-care framework. This framework was established as a global one and it seeks to work toward an optimal combined health for people, animals, and the environment.
Histories of educational institutions are often compiled in com- memorative fashion to mark the passing of time and the growth of a community.
Other notable works covering similar subject areas in the history of health care in the province include numerous publications on the history of nursing in Alberta.
This academic history took a systematic approach, in- corporating a discussion of major political and social changes and their impact on provincial nursing practice. At times, it emphasizes spe- cific health-care conditions and advances, while at others it recognizes the faults of the past half-century and the areas that have been neglected. Instead of focusing on simply one faculty, this work seeks to provide a nuanced and amalgamated discussion of medical care, research, and training throughout the university setting, written in a spirit of reflexivity and self-evaluation.
This history goes beyond simple growth to illuminate the sometimes difficult path that led to the current atmosphere of inter-departmental and inter-faculty collaborations in health research at the University of Calgary. This path was far from a gentle upward progression to a final pinnacle of success. Indeed, the path is only just beginning for this institu- tion after its first fifty years. Its history has seen sudden leaps forward and hesitant steps backward.
In some instances, change came naturally and open-minded approaches to medicine governed the administration. Yet there are many points in this story that reveal that health research at the University of Calgary was far from a unified body. We think that this story is not one of relentless progress but, rather, one of relentless conversation. The members of the university have had a constant dialogue surrounding their various disciplines—with each other, the students, and the community at large.
Through practical care, collaborative projects, research, and a relentless concern for improving health, the University of Calgary has given fifty years of medical contributions to people at all lev- els, both at the bedside and in the community. Stahnisch for further discussion of government fears over population growth and the increased demands on the health- care system.
For further comparison, see Emmett M. Hall, ed. Friesen, Stahnisch The new University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine was a result of major administrative and political changes in the provincial health-care system in Alberta.
The role of Canadian physicians in this transformation is a subject little discussed in the wid- er literature on the history of medicine. These two medical cultures have stimulated a unique Canadian approach to medicine, perhaps best represented by clinical pa- thologist Sir William Osler — at McGill University. Canadian medicine has thus grown from an advantageous position at the crossroads of both heritage and innovation. The Faculty of Medicine at the University of Alberta was built in , and it soon enrolled its first medical students.
At its very foundation, the faculty of medi- cine in Calgary was created with an outward focus on the care of patients and contributions to the larger community. Over the next fifty years, the medical contributions of the University of Calgary have echoed this early outreach philosophy.
Andrews Heights in northwest Calgary commenced in , which was first intended as a stand-alone city hospital without specific academic goals.
When the hospital eventually opened its doors to the public four years later, it was the largest new clinical building in North America. This was strikingly exemplified in the surgical performance of a first kidney transplantation at the Calgary Foothills Hospital in by a team led by the British-trained Iraqi surgeon Dr. George Abouna — The number of practising doctors in the Province has increased from in to 1, in It foresaw that the projected need for physicians was making it necessary to maintain a ratio of approximately one physician per people.
The commission made specific recommendations for the development of new basic science facilities to educate future physicians. In , following two de- cades of intensive political discussions, the University of Calgary received independent status as a post-secondary institution,26 while the idea for a new medical school in Southern Alberta was also projected to engage innovative undergraduate and continuing medical education programs.
Courtesy of the University of Calgary Archives, Harasym outline the approach taken by the University of Calgary when developing its innovative curriculum as follows: Reform efforts began with the notion that clinical proficiency could be measured only in terms of clinical problems. There- fore, initial efforts centered around the identification of the ways that patients present to physicians e.
John's, Newfoundland Memorial University. Earle Parkhill Scarlett — , a former member of staff in the Calgary Associate Clinic and an engaged internist and cardiovascular physician in the local medical community, was chosen by the Alberta Medical Association AMA to champion the idea for a new faculty of medicine in Calgary. Scarlett had previously been the chancellor of the University of Alberta in Edmon- ton from to , and had actively endorsed the visionary plan for the creation of a second medical school in the affluent Western Canadian province.
At the same time, the minister for health in Alberta, Dr. And about two or three weeks later the Board of Governors had a letter. Here are reverence for life, a sense of the dignity of man, the distilled medical and scientific wisdom of years and a shelter from illness. Scarlett was also an active supporter of Dean Cochrane. John Dawson b. Dawson oversaw the new resident teaching programs that were established in conjunction with the traditional Calgary hospitals.
The committee endorsed this project in its commu- nication with the provincial government, even against some considerable distrust and criticism from the established Calgary medical communi- ty. Particularly the traditional medical institutions, such as the Calgary General Hospital and the Holy Cross Hospital in the downtown district, feared that the new medical centre would draw important resources away from them. Each department tended to be an independent kingdom jealously guarding its space, budget, and curricular time, and seeking to extend them, so that the overall curriculum was conventionally set and modified by a general tug-of-war be- tween departments instead of by a collaborative effort made in the best interest of the students.
For nearly a decade, the Tom Baker Oncology Centre i. Baker —97 , who had acted as the chairman of the Alberta Cancer Board from to Later on, in , Mr. Libin—whose Balmon Holdings Ltd. In this capacity, he oversaw the continuing stream of financial issues, which the hospital administration had to face under the long leadership of Ralph Coombs b. During the beginnings of the new medical school, this particular organi- zation left just the rather marginal fields of medical education, communi- cation, and medical psychology as research areas for the Calgary faculty.
This planning process occurred in the comprehensive prepa- ration for the first clinical clerks the third-year medical students of the time to begin their practical medical duties on the wards of the Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary.
The University of Lethbridge was founded one year after the University of Calgary, in , and soon incorporated programs in nursing, health science, and experimental psy- chology. The association with Alberta Health Services further increased international awareness of the clinical, research, and ed- ucational activities in medicine and health care in Alberta. The present outline of the proposed program at the University of Calgary must remain flexible to allow for modification and adjustment.
While the new medical school sent out its first admissions letters to its small inaugural cohort of medical students in , the annual class sizes of medical stu- dents at the University of Alberta in Edmonton remained fairly large, in a range of to students. After this, a medical doctorate degree was awarded with the original expectation that the students could continue on for at least two further years of appropriate postgraduate study in family medicine.
It was planned that during the third undergraduate year, the medical students would then begin their clinical clerkship rotations with ambulatory care given an increasingly prominent role in their practical medical education. In fact, the residency programs became very important to the graduating physicians of the faculty, along with the health-care needs of the Albertan public that these physicians came to serve.
While at first 29 male students and only 4 female students were accepted into the program with the ratio today closer to 60 per cent female versus 40 per cent male students , after ten years it had already grown to approximately student positions. Lionel E. Founding dean Bill Cochrane did not stand as a decanal candidate for a second term. After a short period as a government advisor he moved on to become the presi- dent of the University of Calgary from to This de- manding situation had already given rise to the planning of a new Health Sciences Centre HSC in see figure 1 , which would later be built adjacent to the Foothills Medical Centre.
The HSC would then become the main educational building for the medical school. A group of architects had previously been approached in to design a physical structure to house the education programs, and this design would ade- quately serve the preconceived objectives of the Calgary medical school. Some architectural flexibility was thought to be essential, since the tra- ditional department structures should be transcended over time in fact, the new medical faculty did not have department structures for several years, but relied instead on its clinical services, unit divisions, and later, its interdisciplinary research groups.
Furthermore, the Ambulatory Care Centre, a key element of the physician-training process in Calgary, became an integral part of the physical plan. One of the architects contacted for this project was the German-born, Bauhaus-trained Eberhard Zeidler b. Zeidler had gained a lot of recognition in the Canadian medical world for his planning of the new medical school at McMaster University, where he put an organ- ic planning style to play.
It allowed for an accommodation of the respec- tive units on several floors in the academic institution, which was likewise suggested as the main architectonical element for the Calgary building projects in the mids. During the first half of the twentieth century, it developed more and more specialized services— for example in internal medicine, surgery, and family medicine—which the academic medical community in Calgary could draw upon.
An illustrative example was the hiring of the surgeon Dr. He was hired in and worked at the Holy Cross until Lockwood then took up neuro- surgical residency training at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Following his graduation as a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, in , he returned to Calgary to become the chief of the neurosurgery services at the Holy Cross and Calgary General Hospitals. Peter Cruse — After migrating to Canada, he first worked in private practice, then as a surgeon at the Calgary General Hospital, before transitioning to the Calgary Foothills Hospital when it opened in In , Dr.
Cruse organized the Wound Infection Surveillance Program, which explored various factors that influenced the wound infection rate among hospital patients. This clinical research program was soon international- ly recognized. By , Dr. These developments were decisive for the subsequent approv- al of the local residency-training program in surgery through the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, in , along with the related residency-training program in plastic surgery at the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine.
In the more than one hundred years since its foundation, the Calgary Medical Society had shown itself to be a notable stakeholder of the inter- ests of the local physicians and the community it served.
The Minister was known to usually accept his own advice or that of a very few close friends. The populations of its two major cities, Edmonton and Calgary, doubled, with about half of the population living in urban centres rather than in rural settlements, as was previously the norm.
In , an effective health- care system made for further diversification of medical and nursing facil- ities, with the introduction of Medicare in Canada. This achievement was largely due to the engagement of radiologist Dr. Hector Ewart Duggan —89 and neurosurgeon Dr.
Leblanc b. The new department was innovative and interdisciplinary, merging the preceding divisions of neurology and neu- rosurgery under the leadership of the new dean of the medical faculty, Dr. This was accompanied in by the further accreditation of a residency-training program in emergency medicine by the Royal College.
However, an additional independent institution was planned by a task force put together by the pediatrician and later dean of the medical faculty Dr. Grant Gall — There was a sharp fall in deaths in childhood, and after the age of one year, death in childhood became uncommon. It comprised the Bridgeland-Riverside area that was provided by Calgary City Council in , along with Calgary General Hospital lands and the adjacent open space from the neighbourhood.
However, the medical community in both Calgary hospitals criticized the planning document. On the one hand, the existing departments of the Foothills Hospital were threatened in their breadth and scope by its composition.
Eldon R. Smith b. McLeod, be- came the first president of AHFMR and continued to lead the foundation for nearly a decade between and Through innovative commit- ments to biomedical research in the province, the foundation soon gained increasing international acknowledgement as one of the major North American medical research funding institutions.
Later, the University of Lethbridge also received additional infrastructure support when its health research facilities grew as well. McLeod himself would later be recognized for his administrative capa- bilities when he was appointed president of the Royal College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of Canada, president of the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges, and a member of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.
Although AHFMR funding priority was normally given to attract the most promising and influential research per- sonnel, these research buildings—which were opened one and a half years after the creation of the special fund—were planned to house the increased number of biomedical researchers at the U of C and the U of A. The AHFMR was a non-profit, charitable organization that had supported select, top-quality health researchers and trainees; however, it was later dissolved through a decision by Advanced Education Minister Douglas Alan Horner b.
Samuel Weiss b. Weiss received the award for his discovery of the anatomical ex- istence of neuronal stem cells, which put an end to a century-long debate in the field of neuromorphology. The completion of the laborato- ry and office fitting of the HRIC and Teaching, Research and Wellness TRW buildings originally planned as the Translational Research Wing offered new space for wet and dry labs, the latest improvements in medical technologies, and the outpatient clinics projected to serve , patients each year.
Additionally, both it and the Infection, Im- munity and Inflammation Institute held town halls periodically to pro- vide information and gain feedback from their members. Smith Brain Tumour Centre at the University of Calgary was opened in March ; it henceforth emerged as the home of a comprehensive translational research program that promised to en- hance the process of discovery and the application of research knowledge in the clinical care programs.
The research landscape in basic and clinical neurosciences was further diversified through the establishment of the bachelor of science in neuroscience in November , which was a joint venture of the Faculties of Medicine, Arts, and Science. Sheldon Roth b. It lasted only until June , when the Alberta government again abolished the exist- ing health regions and replaced them with a single new provincial enti- ty—the Alberta Health Services network. It was also recognized at this early stage that there was a need for a greater proportion of medical education to occur outside traditional hospital environments and to instead focus on family prac- tice and community medicine.
The faculty henceforth diligently approached Canadian physicians from other provinces holding American academic positions and encouraged them to return to Canada.
Seven senior academic staff subsequently came to the University of Calgary from the United States; and the university also successfully engaged a new director of animal care facilities, who was also responsible for overseeing the medical vivarium. It soon became apparent that the success of the new medical school as a whole depended upon its pro- fessoriate and full-time investigators producing meaningful medical re- search that sustained the scientific life of the school and inspired its new student cohorts.
It had increased its portfolio and administrative influence between and under the deanship of Mo Watanabe. The increasing emphasis on research was exemplified a few years earlier in a presentation given by Dr. McLeod at the first Government House Dinner. He said: It is very important to remember that medical research has given us the ability to prevent poliomyelitis, to cure or prevent tuberculosis, and in so doing have helped us to close down whole networks of expensive institutions.
Medical research has removed typhoid, malaria, diphtheria and whooping cough from the role of mass killers. If we can provide research workers with the potential for continuing their diligent strug- gle for decisive technology of modern medicine, they will eventually explain the causes of cancer, coronary disease, and kidney failure. Hopefully we can then prevent or cure them, and we can throw away the dialysis machines and close the vast cardiac, surgical departments.
Grant Gall—who was an associate dean under Eldon R. Gall held this position for two terms, spanning a full decade of full-scale administrative leadership between and As someone who had been brought up on a farm in Saskatchewan, Dr. The requirement for such a facul- ty had become particularly prominent in the awareness of Albertans when Mad Cow Disease broke out in the Western Canadian provinces in May of Gall was also highly active in relation to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
He supervised a suc- cessfully funded laboratory for more than twenty years and was recog- nized as a leader in intestinal adaptation and diarrheal diseases. The official opening of the centre oc- curred in April , and the first class of forty-eight students graduated from the four-year program in Tom Feasby assumed the deanship of the Faculty of Medicine in July The crash of the stock markets in the fall of , and the decline in oil prices since that time, led the externally available research and education funds to take a plunge.
The new institution opened to the public in , with the first functional unit on the hospital campus being a second Department of Family Medicine. Jonathan B. Conclusion The brief historical analysis presented in this chapter offers some insights into the relationship between the initial planning and functioning of the University of Calgary medical school, prevalent educational and medical research demands over the past fifty years, along with general health-care needs in Calgary that were often aligned with major medical processes of the time.
The Faculty of Medicine was created in conjunction with the new- ly autonomous University of Calgary during a period of rapid growth in Canadian post-secondary academic institutions; it was clearly the need for physicians particularly family doctors that led to the establishment of the second medical school in Alberta—with its first cohort of students admitted in —to serve the growing Canadian population.
The s, especially, marked a shift toward more diversification in research and clinical education, while the Faculty of Medicine considerably increased its size and scope. It has emerged as one of the larger medical schools in Canada, with particular areas of clinical, biomedical, and health-care re- search strengths, while still continuing a process of redefining its strategic development, its position among the other Canadian medical schools, and its contribution to the provincial health-care system of Alberta.
Fisher b. Levine —97 , and physician Tom Saunders — The author also wishes to thank Mr. Dennis Slater Alberta Health Services Archives for the provision of information and sharing of resources, as well as Ms. See, for example, Richard H. Farreras, Caroline Hannaway, and Victoria A. Harden, eds. Papa and Peter H. Duff and David G. Programme unpublished manuscript, , 3—4. Dickson, John H. Read, John W. Dawson, and William A.
Residency or Graduate Clinical Education n. George Wyse, J. Annear, Audrey M. Cerkvenac, and Moria Hogg, eds. McDougall, ed. Hiller, Second Promised Land. Emery and Ronald D. Thurston Aboriginal health research and health-care provision has had a complex past within the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine now called the Cumming School of Medicine.
The faculty made early strides in this area when it was first established by working with nearby First Nations with the goal of increasing accessibility. Historical legacies of biomedical power and colonial medicine1 created tensions between the faculty and its partner First Nations tribes, and eventually the project was abandoned.
Since then, any official faculty efforts have focused on internal policy is- sues with regards to the recruitment of Aboriginal students and faculty members. In the last twenty years, many individuals associated with the Cumming School of Medicine have initiated personal research and teach- ing programs with Aboriginal peoples.
This rekindling of concerns about Aboriginal health from members of the university has come from the pas- sion that individual professors, physicians, and researchers have shown for promoting Aboriginal health within the province of Alberta.
To confuse the matter of terminology further, however, dif- ferences between federal and provincial definitions of First Nations exist. While the Alberta government lists forty-seven First Nations chiefs and councils, the federal government does not recognize leadership in three of these First Nations, thus providing only forty-four. Three treaties were signed by the Crown with the Aboriginal peoples of Alberta: Treaty 6 signed in includes sixteen of the First Nations; Treaty 7 signed in includes five First Nations; and Treaty 8 signed in includes twenty-four First Nations.
Geographically, Treaty 8 is in the northern part of the province, Treaty 6 in the middle, and Treaty 7 in the south. The treaties eventually led to the creation of the reserve system by the federal government, which relocated the different First Nations to new lands and restricted their movement and settlement.
There are reserves in Alberta, scattered from the northern to southern borders. Three language families have been identified Algonquin, Atha- baskan, Siouan , and within these three there are twelve differentiations. This is the heritage we share with the Dakota and the Assiniboine and the Oglala through our language-family connections.
Our other neighbours were the Algonkian-speaking people—the Ojibway, the Cree, and the Blackfoot—with whom blood feuds were a continual fact. Nearby, too, were smaller groups, such as the Athapasascan-speaking Sarcee. To the west our con- tacts were with the people of the mountains, the Kootney, the Shuswap, and occasionally the Flathead; our relations with these were somewhat more cordial, but not always peaceful.
At Morley, natural gas wells have been dug and the royalty payments have allowed capital expenditures on the reserve, especially on housing and administrative buildings. Alberta had twenty-five recognized residential schools, the highest number of any province in the country.
These schools initially be- gan in the s, with the last school closing in Government officials, especially Indian agents who lived and worked on reserves, endeavoured to ensure that all Aboriginal children were placed within an institution and given a rigid education in Western beliefs, culture, and religion.
The separation from family, culture, and identity left deep scars on these students, many of whom were also subject to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse within the system.
This legacy is still felt in Aboriginal communities, which have higher rates of addiction, violence, and disease than other populations in Canada. Physicians, professors, and health-care workers are involved in many initiatives to identify health-care problems within these communities and to provide engaged, culturally informed, and safe health-care services.
Yet a more sustained focus on Aboriginal health has only picked up since within the school. The current initiatives resulted from the efforts of many individuals who pushed to bring Aboriginal health and First Nations people into the man- date of the faculty.
This has been a long—and often frustrating—process for those involved. Other faculties were established much earlier in the West, with the University of Manitoba opening a medical college as early as and the University of Alberta founding its own medical faculty in The province distinguished itself in public health through the building of new hospitals and mental-health facilities, the introduction of new clinics and sanatoria focused on the treatment of tuberculosis and polio, as well as a dramatic increase in resident physi- cians between and The original intent of the faculty was to serve as a training program for family physicians rather than as a faculty with major biomedical research agendas and institutes.
These physicians would help fill the shortage of family doctors throughout Alberta, especially in rural areas. Despite this fact, the faculty grew significantly into a leading research faculty. Bill Cochrane played a large role in the initial founding of the faculty. In , he was invited by the university to visit Calgary and pos- sibly take on the deanship of the new medical school. The original program was only three years long compared to the North American standard of four years and it primarily focused on community health sciences and family medicine.
In a new Health Sciences Centre was constructed adjacent to the Foothills Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine was moved away from the main campus to this new location. Resident physicians developed expertise in psychiatry, rheumatology, and postpartum care. Even before the medicine program accepted its first class of students, the Faculty of Medicine was working closely with the Stoney people at Morley to im- prove on-reserve access to medical care.
The report was com- piled through direct investigations of individuals on the Morley reserve. The researchers conducted interviews with Aboriginal residents, faculty members who had experience working on the reserve, nurses who worked with the Native population, representatives of the MSB, and even teachers who worked in the day school. The medical situation at the time was dire and access to health care by reserve residents was minimal. There were only two traditional medi- cine men on the reserve that could be consulted.
For emergency care, residents were required to go off re- serve to an urban hospital. Similarly, the life expectancy in other Canadian males is about 77 years, while among First Nations males it is at 70 years. Rootman—found that the health care priorities reported by the indi- viduals interviewed reflected this age distribution.
Residents at Morley requested a focus on maternity care, with prenatal care integrated into on-reserve health services. A focus on family planning programs was also requested. Daycare services were deemed essential to enable single and ill parents, working mothers, and neglected children options for alterna- tive child care.
The need for better transportation was highlighted many times, so that trauma patients could receive timely treatment. Lastly, the people at Morley wanted a clinic with a large, welcoming, and comfortable waiting room. The Tribal Council nominated a health council through the ap- pointment of five Stoney members.
Wilfred Mark accepting the keys from Dr. The agreement stated that a physician would be present in the clinic for five half-day sessions of four hours each week. The Stoney Health Centre successfully opened on 6 June Its founding was highly celebrated as a success of the Stoney people and the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine see figure 2. Indeed, the clinic itself was very successful: almost four thousand visits were made to the centre in alone.
The health council expressed worry over how Stoney people were treated at the Foothills Hospital when they visited for referred medical services.
In , an evaluation report was put togeth- er by Dr. The physicians employed by the university were also dissatisfied with the relationship. The director of the Stoney Health Centre, Dr.
John A. Cunningham — , highlighted this concern in when he wrote to Dr. William M. Gibson b. Cunningham emphasised recent troubles he had encountered while treating patients. Cunningham, Dr. Gibson outlined the similar experi- ences reported by other staff at the centre: We have had threats of violence, indeed on one or two occasions violence directed at doctors or nurses working there, many instances when insulting remarks were made to our medical staff, some documented, others merely commented on, and altogether it has been an unsatisfactory state of affairs.
Lawrence A. Fischer and pathologist Dr. Kenneth A. Buchan managed to talk the health council out of the ter- mination, but the result was a renegotiation of the terms surrounding the partnership. The director of the health centre, Dr. Cunningham, was to be removed from his position that year and the university agreed to approach new, council-chosen physicians to be involved in the clinic. Previously, the university had often sent different physicians to work at the centre based on availability, and both the patients and the health council disliked the fact that this setup resulted in a lack of continuity in care.
The new conditions were written up and a new agreement was signed between the Stoney Tribal Council, the minister, and the Faculty of Medicine that year. Later in the year, reports of physical and verbal assaults on the physicians at the centre led the faculty to stop scheduling overnight shifts for safety reasons. Financial contribu- tions from the AHFMR allowed the faculty to begin recruiting physicians and health-care workers at an accelerated rate.
In the s, the faculty re- cruited more than one hundred new biomedical and health-care research- ers. The sudden expansion of the faculty from its new hiring program provided the impetus to build a new building on site dedicated solely to research.
The faculty took a step back from Aboriginal relations after the university ended its involvement at Morley. Cajepha , an IsraeliteCaiaphas. Cajin , the son of Adam Cain. Kenan , the name of two patriarchsCainan. Fairhaven, a bay of Cretefair havens. Caphanachum , a place in PalestineCapernaum. In composition it retains many of these applications, and frequently denotes opposition, distribution, or intensity.
Kidron , a brook near JerusalemCedron. Kepha , a surname of PeterCephas. Kish , an IsraeliteCis. Clemens , a ChristianClement. Compare the base of Korach , an IsraeliteCore. Crescens , a ChristianCrescens.
God as author of all things Creator. Cyrenaean, i. Quirinus , a Roman Cyrenius. Kosam an IsraeliteCosam. Elazar , the name of two Israelites one imaginary Lazarus.
Lemek , a patriarch Lamech. Levi , a ChristianLevi. Lod , a place in PalestineLydda. Migdala , a place in PalestineMagdala. Oriental scientist; by implication, a magiciansorcerer, wise man. Midian , a region of ArabiaMadian.
Methushelach , an antediluvianMathusala. Mahalalel , an antediluvianMaleleel. Menashsheh , an IsraeliteManasses. Mirjam , the name of six Christian females Mary. Matthitjah , an Israelite and a ChristianMatthew.
Mattan , an IsraeliteMatthan. Mattithjah , the name of two IsraelitesMathat. Mattithjah , an IsraeliteMatthias. Mattithjah , an IsraeliteMattatha. Mattithjah , an Israelite and a ChristianMattathias.
Malki , the name of two IsraelitesMelchi. Malkitsedek , a patriarchMelchisedec. Often compounded with other particles in an intensive or asseverative sense. Mashiach , or ChristMessias. Often used in composition, in substantially the same relations of participation or proximity, and transfer or sequence.
Often used in compounds in substantially the same relations. See also , , , , , , Molek , an idol Moloch. Mosheh , the Hebrew lawgiverMoses. Nachshon , an IsraeliteNaasson.
Nathanel , an Israelite and ChristianNathanael. Nachum , an Israelite Naum. Naaman , a SyrianNaaman. Nero , a Roman emperorNero.
Naphthali , a tribe in PalestineNephthalim. Nerijah , an IsraeliteNeri. Nineveh , the capital of AssyriaNineve. Noach , a patriarchNoe. Uzzijah , an Israelite Ozias. Urijah , a HittiteUrias. God as absolute and universal sovereign Almighty, Omnipotent. In comparative, it retains substantially the same meaning of circuit around , excess beyond , or completeness through. Compare , Publius , a RomanPublius. Puteoli , a place in ItalyPuteoli.
Pudens , a Christian Pudens. In the comparative, it retains the same significations. In the comparative case, it denotes essentially the same applications, namely, motion towards, accession to, or nearness at. See , , , , See , Occasionally unexpressed in English. Rachab , a Canaanitess Rahab. Reu , a patriarch Ragau. Ramah , a place in PalestineRama.
Ribkah , the wife of IsaacRebecca. Kijun , an Egyptian idolRemphan. Rephajah , an IsraeliteRhesa. Rechobam , an IsraeliteRoboam. Reuben , an IsraeliteReuben. Roman as noun Roman, of Rome. Shabbath , or day of weekly repose from secular avocations also the observance or institution itself ; by extension, a se'nnight, i.
Tsadokian , or follower of a certain heretical IsraeliteSadducee. Tsadok , an Israelite Sadoc. Shelach , a patriarch Sala. Shealtiel , an IsraeliteSalathiel.
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